Redeemed Lawful Money Continuation of Original Case Series clc-2026-443272 Honorable Paul Hollis
Subtitle
William Jackson
Last Update bir ay önce
Central Bank Liability
Agustín Carstens - General Manager bis.org
Agustín Carstens talks about "central bank liability"
Dec 3, 2025 · ... central bank liability, and also we will have the technology to enforce that. ... It's a slavery system. English Transcript. OCR. Agustín Carstens ... BIS leader says central bank digital currencies could resolve 'long ... www.theblock.co › linked › bis-cbdc-central-banks-payments-issues-speech What distinguishes a retail FPS from a retail CBDC is that the latter is a central bank liability offering the unique features of central bank money, and ...
BIS leader says central bank digital currencies could resolve 'long-standing' payments issues By Kollen Post CENTRAL BANKS • MARCH 31, 2021,
The BIS has long served as a critical link between central banks. Recent years have seen that mission extend to heavy investment in new financial technologies, especially research into CBDCs.
Currently, payments between users in separate countries depend on transfers between their respective central banks, which, in turn, have to collateralize their own transactions heavily with their respective currencies and central bank money. The underlying settlement process is not that much faster than it was 40 years ago, despite various faster payments solutions (FPS) emerging.
On the subject, Carstens was optimistic that central bank digital currencies would prove better for retail users, despite surface similarities:
"From the user perspective, these solutions may look very similar. What distinguishes a retail FPS from a retail CBDC is that the latter is a central bank liability offering the unique features of central bank money, and this could be a key difference."
Regarding inter-bank payments, often called wholesale payments, Carstens also noted that the current dependence on central bank money added complications that modern technology — namely, a CBDC — could streamline:
"In contrast, the same transaction in a CBDC-based payment system would be much simpler, as a payment only involves transferring direct claims on the central bank from one user to another. There is no credit risk: funds are not on the balance sheet of an intermediary, and transactions are settled directly in central bank money, on the central bank’s balance sheet, in real time."
Search for the term "redeemed" on this page and ask yourself this question: How can "lawful money" be redeemed by "lawful money" when the factual definition of the term "lawful money" according to the Supreme law of the land is "gold and silver coin". According to the national Constitution.
Another important term is "natural person" and "natural persons".
Continuation of Original Case Series clc-2026-443272
Scott Andrew v. HollisContinuation of Original Case Series clc-2026-443272 According to the Constitution, America is still on a Constitutional gold standard in 2026. Florida Governor Ron DeSantis does not even know this fact and leg.state.fl.us does not reflect this fact either. Learn more at Constitutionhelp.com Google AI Overview and Congress.gov says: The United States currently does not operate under such a system—todays dollar is a fiat currency, meaning that it is not backed by a commodity such as gold. Rather, the dollar is backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.
Case: clc-2026-9917444/18/2026SAscotty@mypatriotmail.org
Honorable Paul Hollis
Case: clc-2026-9917444/18/2026SAscotty@mypatriotmail.org
Honorable Paul Hollis
Florida "Lawful money" leg.state.fl.us
Title1
154.219 Revenue bonds.Statutes / 2025 Florida Statutes Documents / 2025 Florida Statutes / Chapters 153 - 175 / CHAPTER 154 PUBLIC HEALTH FACILITIES / PART III HEALTH FACILITIES AUTHORITIES... in such denominations; be in such form, either coupon or registered, or both; carry such registration privileges; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as such resolution...2
243.27 Revenue bonds.Statutes / 2025 Florida Statutes Documents / 2025 Florida Statutes / Chapters 238 - 250 / CHAPTER 243 HIGHER EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES BONDS / PART I COUNTY HIGHER EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES AUTHORITIES LAW... times, be in such denominations, be in such form, either coupon or registered, carry such registration privileges, be executed in such manner, be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places, and be subject to such terms of redemption, as such resolution or resolutions may provide. The...3
243.61 Revenue bonds.Statutes / 2025 Florida Statutes Documents / 2025 Florida Statutes / Chapters 238 - 250 / CHAPTER 243 HIGHER EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES BONDS / PART II HIGHER EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES FINANCING... specified time; must be in specified denominations; and must be in specified form, carry registration privileges, be executed in a specified manner, be payable in lawful money of the United States at a specified place, and be subject to the terms of redemption, as the resolution provides. Pending preparation of the definitive...4
373.584 Revenue bonds.Statutes / 2025 Florida Statutes Documents / 2025 Florida Statutes / Chapters 351 - 375 / CHAPTER 373 WATER RESOURCES / PART V FINANCE AND TAXATION... at such time or times; be in such denominations; be in such form; carry such registration privileges; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as such resolution...5
Chapter 2022-245Laws / 2022 Laws Documents / 2022 Laws of Florida / Special and Local Laws - Regular Session / Chapters 2022-228 - 2022-250... year thereafter. The tax collector of the county shall collect such taxes so levied by the board of county commissioners for the district authority in lawful money of the United States of America in the same manner and at the same time as county taxes are collected and shall pay and remit...6
Chapter 2005-314Laws / 2005 Laws Documents / 2005 Laws / Special and Local Laws - Regular Session / Chapters 2005-301 - 2005-325... fiscal year thereafter. The tax collector of the county shall collect such taxes so levied by the board of county commissioners for the authority in lawful money of the United States of America in the same manner and at the same time as county taxes are collected and shall pay and remit...7
Chapter 2004-421Laws / 2004 Laws Documents / 2004 Laws / Special and Local Laws - Regular Session / Chapters 2004-401 - 2004-425... such form, either coupon or registered or both; carry such registration privileges and conversion or exchange privileges; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the Unites States at such place; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as such resolution may provide...8
Chapter 2004-458Laws / 2004 Laws Documents / 2004 Laws / Special and Local Laws - Regular Session / Chapters 2004-451 - 2004-472... such form, either coupon or registered, or both; carry such registration privileges and conversion or exchange privileges; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as such resolution...9
Chapter 2003-382Laws / 2003 Laws Documents / 2003 Laws / Special and Local Laws - Regular Session / Chapters 2003-376 - 2003-390... interest at such rate or rates; be payable at such time or times; be in such denominations; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as the board...10
Chapter 2002-387, Part 3Laws / 2002 Laws Documents / 2002 Laws / General Laws - Special Session E / Chapters 2002-386 - 2002-404... at such times; be in such denominations; be in such form, either coupon or fully registered; carry such registration and conversion privileges; be payable in lawful money of the United States of America at such places; and be subject to such terms of redemption as such bond resolution may provide. Obligations shall...11
Chapter 2001-79Laws / 2001 Laws Documents / 2001 Laws / General Laws / Chapters 2001-76 - 2001-100... specified time; must be in specified denominations; and must be in specified form, carry registration privileges, be executed in a specified manner, be payable in lawful money of the United States at a specified place, and be subject to the terms of redemption, as the resolution provides. Pending preparation of the definitive...12
Chapter 2000-492Laws / 2000 Laws Documents / 2000 Laws / Special and Local Laws / Chapters 2000-476 - 2000-493... thereafter. The tax collector of the said county shall collect such taxes so levied by the board of county commissioners for the said Authority in lawful money of the United States of America in the same manner and at the same time as county taxes are collected , and shall pay and remit...... of County Commissioners of Lake County, Florida, and certified to him by the Board of County Commissioners of Lake County, Florida, and to collect in lawful money of the United States of America the tax thereupon in the same manner and at the same time as he is required by law to...13
Chapter 97-103Laws / 1997 Laws / Chapters 97-101 - 97-125... are held and firmly bound unto ....., Governor of the State of Florida, and the Governor's his successors in office in the penal sum of $5,000, lawful money of the United States of America, the true payment whereof well and truly to be made we do bind ourselves, our respective heirs, executors, administrators...14
Chapter 95-147Laws / 1995 Laws / Chapters 95-126 - 95-150... in such denominations; be in such form, either coupon or registered, or both; carry such registration privileges; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as such resolution...15
Chapter 95-148Laws / 1995 Laws / Chapters 95-126 - 95-150... at such time or times; be in such denominations; be in such form; carry such registration privileges; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as such resolution...16
Chapter 89-139Laws / 1989 Laws / Chapters 89-126 - 89-150... the Surety) are held and firmly bound unto ....., Governor of the State of Florida, and his successors in office in the penal sum of $5,000, lawful money of the United States of America, the true payment whereof well and truly to be made we do bind ourselves, our respective heirs, executors, administrators...17
Chapter 84-451Laws / 1984 Laws / Chapters 84-451 - 84-475... interest at such rate or rates; be payable at such time or times; be in such denominations; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as the board...18
Chapter 82-383Laws / 1982 Laws / Chapters 82-376 - 82-400... such form, either coupon or registered or both; carry such registration privileges and conversion or exchange privileges; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as such resolution may provide...19
Chapter 81-384Laws / 1981 Laws / Chapters 81-376 - 81-400... such form, either coupon or registered, or both; carry such registration privileges and conversion or exchange privileges; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as such resolution...
United States Code "Lawful money" uscode.house.gov
12 USC Ch. 2
Front Matter.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 2: NATIONAL BANKS (May 18, 2026)
... ; lawful money reserves. 144 ...
12 USC 143
Banks in Alaska and insular possessions; lawful money reserves.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 2: NATIONAL BANKS / SUBCHAPTER VIII: RESERVE CITIES; LAWFUL RESERVES (May 18, 2026)
... 12 USC 143: Banks in Alaska and insular possessions; lawful money reserves ... 12 USC 143: Banks in Alaska and insular possessions; lawful money reserves ... --> §143. Banks in Alaska and insular possessions; lawful money reserves ... lawful money of the United States an amount equal to at least 15 percent of the aggregate amount of its ... deposits in all respects. Whenever the lawful money of any such association shall fall below 15 percent of ...
12 USC 151 to 153
Repealed. Pub. L. 103-325, title VI, §602(e)(22), (23), (f)(7), Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2292, 2293.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 2: NATIONAL BANKS / SUBCHAPTER IX: FORMATION OF ASSOCIATIONS TO ISSUE GOLD NOTES (May 18, 2026)
... , R.S. §5186, related to mandatory establishment of lawful money reserves by associations ...
12 USC 168 to 177
Repealed. Pub. L. 103-325, title VI, §602(e)(24)-(31), (f)(4)(D), (5)(A), Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2292, 2293.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 2: NATIONAL BANKS / SUBCHAPTER XI: MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS REGARDING UNITED STATES BONDS IN RELATION TO NATIONAL BANKS (May 18, 2026)
... retire in full, their circulation by depositing lawful money. ...
12 USC 342
Deposits; exchange and collection; member and nonmember banks or other depository institutions; charges.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / SUBCHAPTER IX: POWERS AND DUTIES OF FEDERAL RESERVE BANKS (May 18, 2026)
... other depository institutions, and from the United States, deposits of current funds in lawful money ... collection may receive from other Federal reserve banks deposits of current funds in lawful money, national ... company or other depository institution deposits of current funds in lawful money, national-bank notes ...
12 USC 411
Issuance to reserve banks; nature of obligation; redemption.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / SUBCHAPTER XII: FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES (May 18, 2026)
... dues. They shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States ...
12 USC 413
Distinctive letter and serial number of notes; cancellation of notes unfit for circulation; accounting; apportionment of credit among Federal Reserve banks.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / SUBCHAPTER XII: FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES (May 18, 2026)
... lawful money" after "reserves in gold certificates", substituting "25 per centum ...
12 USC 415
Reduction of liability for outstanding notes by depositing notes and collateral and payment of notes of series prior to 1928; reissue of deposited notes.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / SUBCHAPTER XII: FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES (May 18, 2026)
... its Federal Reserve notes, gold certificates, Special Drawing Right certificates, or lawful money of ... agent shall hold such gold certificates or lawful money available exclusively for exchange for the ...
12 USC 417
Custody and safe-keeping of notes issued to and collateral deposited with Reserve agent.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / SUBCHAPTER XII: FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES (May 18, 2026)
... , and lawful money. Nothing herein contained, however, shall be construed to prohibit a Federal Reserve ... , text read as follows: "All Federal reserve notes and all gold, gold certificates, and lawful money ... reserve notes, gold, gold certificates, and lawful money. Nothing herein contained, however, shall be ... All Federal Reserve notes and all gold certificates, Special Drawing Right certificates, and lawful ... money issued to or deposited with any Federal Reserve agent under the provisions of the Federal Reserve ...
18 USC 336
Issuance of circulating obligations of less than $1.
TITLE 18: CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE / PART I: CRIMES / CHAPTER 17: COINS AND CURRENCY (May 18, 2026)
... received or used in lieu of lawful money of the United States, shall be fined under this title or ...
30 USC 187
Assignment or subletting of leases; relinquishment of rights under leases; conditions in leases for protection of diverse interests in operation of mines, wells, etc.; State laws not impaired.
TITLE 30: MINERAL LANDS AND MINING / CHAPTER 3A: LEASES AND PROSPECTING PERMITS / SUBCHAPTER I: GENERAL PROVISIONS (May 18, 2026)
... ; provision requiring the payment of wages at least twice a month in lawful money of the United States, and ...
46 USC 30701
Definition.
TITLE 46: SHIPPING / Subtitle III: Maritime Liability / CHAPTER 307: LIABILITY OF WATER CARRIERS (May 18, 2026)
... transportation of goods in an amount exceeding $500 per package lawful money of the United States, or in case of ...
Congress "Lawful Money" congress.gov
Google: "lawful money" site:congress.gov
38th Congress (1863-1865): A Bill To prevent gold and silver coin ...www.congress.gov › bill › house-bill › text
... any note or bill issued by the United States, and made lawful money and a legal tender, from being received for a smaller sum than is therein specified.
[PDF] Untitled - Congress.govwww.congress.gov › llhb › H.R.577.pdf
5 has or shall declare to be lawful money and a legal tender;. 6 and no difference in rate or value shall be allowed between. 7 coin and legal tender money. 1.
Journal of the House of Representatives of the United Stateswww.congress.gov › house-journal
Mar 13, 2026 · ... lawful money of the United States, a sum equal to five per cent. of its circulation, to be held and used for the redemption of such ...
[PDF] HR 240. - Congress.govwww.congress.gov › llhb › H.R.240.pdf
17 lawful money, at the rate, if payable in coin, of not exceed-. 18 ing six per centum per annum, if in other lawful money, not. 19 exceeding seven and three ...
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[PDF] HR 935. - Congress.govwww.congress.gov › llhb › H.R.935.pdf
9 and declared lawful money of the United States by this act, or. 10 to give in exchange therefor the interest-bearing bonds of the. 11 United States ...
Journal of the Senate of the United States, 1873-1874 | Congress.govwww.congress.gov › senate-journal
... lawful money on demand: Congress.gov. Site Content. Legislation · Committee Reports · Committee Meetings · Committee Publications · Congressional Record ...
[PDF] HR 1848. - Congress.govwww.congress.gov › llhb › H.R.1848.pdf
6 act of Congress with the lawful money received in exchange for the bonds hereby authorized to be issued; and he is hereby. 7 prohibited from using or ...
Nineteenth Century Evolution of Necessary and Proper Clause ...constitution.congress.gov › essay › artI-S8-C18-4 › ALDE_00001239
... lawful money for all purposes.Footnote Id. at 448. As a corollary to its power over the currency, the Supreme Court later upheld Congress's power to ...
[PDF] HR 1352. - Congress.govwww.congress.gov › llhb › H.R.1352.pdf
11 only in such notes so long as the same are the lawful money. 12 of the United States, and all executions and other final pro- cess issued on any such ...
Title1
154.219 Revenue bonds.Statutes / 2025 Florida Statutes Documents / 2025 Florida Statutes / Chapters 153 - 175 / CHAPTER 154 PUBLIC HEALTH FACILITIES / PART III HEALTH FACILITIES AUTHORITIES... in such denominations; be in such form, either coupon or registered, or both; carry such registration privileges; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as such resolution...2
243.27 Revenue bonds.Statutes / 2025 Florida Statutes Documents / 2025 Florida Statutes / Chapters 238 - 250 / CHAPTER 243 HIGHER EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES BONDS / PART I COUNTY HIGHER EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES AUTHORITIES LAW... times, be in such denominations, be in such form, either coupon or registered, carry such registration privileges, be executed in such manner, be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places, and be subject to such terms of redemption, as such resolution or resolutions may provide. The...3
243.61 Revenue bonds.Statutes / 2025 Florida Statutes Documents / 2025 Florida Statutes / Chapters 238 - 250 / CHAPTER 243 HIGHER EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES BONDS / PART II HIGHER EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES FINANCING... specified time; must be in specified denominations; and must be in specified form, carry registration privileges, be executed in a specified manner, be payable in lawful money of the United States at a specified place, and be subject to the terms of redemption, as the resolution provides. Pending preparation of the definitive...4
373.584 Revenue bonds.Statutes / 2025 Florida Statutes Documents / 2025 Florida Statutes / Chapters 351 - 375 / CHAPTER 373 WATER RESOURCES / PART V FINANCE AND TAXATION... at such time or times; be in such denominations; be in such form; carry such registration privileges; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as such resolution...5
Chapter 2022-245Laws / 2022 Laws Documents / 2022 Laws of Florida / Special and Local Laws - Regular Session / Chapters 2022-228 - 2022-250... year thereafter. The tax collector of the county shall collect such taxes so levied by the board of county commissioners for the district authority in lawful money of the United States of America in the same manner and at the same time as county taxes are collected and shall pay and remit...6
Chapter 2005-314Laws / 2005 Laws Documents / 2005 Laws / Special and Local Laws - Regular Session / Chapters 2005-301 - 2005-325... fiscal year thereafter. The tax collector of the county shall collect such taxes so levied by the board of county commissioners for the authority in lawful money of the United States of America in the same manner and at the same time as county taxes are collected and shall pay and remit...7
Chapter 2004-421Laws / 2004 Laws Documents / 2004 Laws / Special and Local Laws - Regular Session / Chapters 2004-401 - 2004-425... such form, either coupon or registered or both; carry such registration privileges and conversion or exchange privileges; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the Unites States at such place; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as such resolution may provide...8
Chapter 2004-458Laws / 2004 Laws Documents / 2004 Laws / Special and Local Laws - Regular Session / Chapters 2004-451 - 2004-472... such form, either coupon or registered, or both; carry such registration privileges and conversion or exchange privileges; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as such resolution...9
Chapter 2003-382Laws / 2003 Laws Documents / 2003 Laws / Special and Local Laws - Regular Session / Chapters 2003-376 - 2003-390... interest at such rate or rates; be payable at such time or times; be in such denominations; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as the board...10
Chapter 2002-387, Part 3Laws / 2002 Laws Documents / 2002 Laws / General Laws - Special Session E / Chapters 2002-386 - 2002-404... at such times; be in such denominations; be in such form, either coupon or fully registered; carry such registration and conversion privileges; be payable in lawful money of the United States of America at such places; and be subject to such terms of redemption as such bond resolution may provide. Obligations shall...11
Chapter 2001-79Laws / 2001 Laws Documents / 2001 Laws / General Laws / Chapters 2001-76 - 2001-100... specified time; must be in specified denominations; and must be in specified form, carry registration privileges, be executed in a specified manner, be payable in lawful money of the United States at a specified place, and be subject to the terms of redemption, as the resolution provides. Pending preparation of the definitive...12
Chapter 2000-492Laws / 2000 Laws Documents / 2000 Laws / Special and Local Laws / Chapters 2000-476 - 2000-493... thereafter. The tax collector of the said county shall collect such taxes so levied by the board of county commissioners for the said Authority in lawful money of the United States of America in the same manner and at the same time as county taxes are collected , and shall pay and remit...... of County Commissioners of Lake County, Florida, and certified to him by the Board of County Commissioners of Lake County, Florida, and to collect in lawful money of the United States of America the tax thereupon in the same manner and at the same time as he is required by law to...13
Chapter 97-103Laws / 1997 Laws / Chapters 97-101 - 97-125... are held and firmly bound unto ....., Governor of the State of Florida, and the Governor's his successors in office in the penal sum of $5,000, lawful money of the United States of America, the true payment whereof well and truly to be made we do bind ourselves, our respective heirs, executors, administrators...14
Chapter 95-147Laws / 1995 Laws / Chapters 95-126 - 95-150... in such denominations; be in such form, either coupon or registered, or both; carry such registration privileges; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as such resolution...15
Chapter 95-148Laws / 1995 Laws / Chapters 95-126 - 95-150... at such time or times; be in such denominations; be in such form; carry such registration privileges; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as such resolution...16
Chapter 89-139Laws / 1989 Laws / Chapters 89-126 - 89-150... the Surety) are held and firmly bound unto ....., Governor of the State of Florida, and his successors in office in the penal sum of $5,000, lawful money of the United States of America, the true payment whereof well and truly to be made we do bind ourselves, our respective heirs, executors, administrators...17
Chapter 84-451Laws / 1984 Laws / Chapters 84-451 - 84-475... interest at such rate or rates; be payable at such time or times; be in such denominations; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as the board...18
Chapter 82-383Laws / 1982 Laws / Chapters 82-376 - 82-400... such form, either coupon or registered or both; carry such registration privileges and conversion or exchange privileges; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as such resolution may provide...19
Chapter 81-384Laws / 1981 Laws / Chapters 81-376 - 81-400... such form, either coupon or registered, or both; carry such registration privileges and conversion or exchange privileges; be executed in such manner; be payable in lawful money of the United States at such place or places; and be subject to such terms of redemption, including redemption prior to maturity, as such resolution...
United States Code "Lawful money" uscode.house.gov
12 USC Ch. 2
Front Matter.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 2: NATIONAL BANKS (May 18, 2026)
... ; lawful money reserves. 144 ...
12 USC 143
Banks in Alaska and insular possessions; lawful money reserves.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 2: NATIONAL BANKS / SUBCHAPTER VIII: RESERVE CITIES; LAWFUL RESERVES (May 18, 2026)
... 12 USC 143: Banks in Alaska and insular possessions; lawful money reserves ... 12 USC 143: Banks in Alaska and insular possessions; lawful money reserves ... --> §143. Banks in Alaska and insular possessions; lawful money reserves ... lawful money of the United States an amount equal to at least 15 percent of the aggregate amount of its ... deposits in all respects. Whenever the lawful money of any such association shall fall below 15 percent of ...
12 USC 151 to 153
Repealed. Pub. L. 103-325, title VI, §602(e)(22), (23), (f)(7), Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2292, 2293.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 2: NATIONAL BANKS / SUBCHAPTER IX: FORMATION OF ASSOCIATIONS TO ISSUE GOLD NOTES (May 18, 2026)
... , R.S. §5186, related to mandatory establishment of lawful money reserves by associations ...
12 USC 168 to 177
Repealed. Pub. L. 103-325, title VI, §602(e)(24)-(31), (f)(4)(D), (5)(A), Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2292, 2293.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 2: NATIONAL BANKS / SUBCHAPTER XI: MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS REGARDING UNITED STATES BONDS IN RELATION TO NATIONAL BANKS (May 18, 2026)
... retire in full, their circulation by depositing lawful money. ...
12 USC 342
Deposits; exchange and collection; member and nonmember banks or other depository institutions; charges.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / SUBCHAPTER IX: POWERS AND DUTIES OF FEDERAL RESERVE BANKS (May 18, 2026)
... other depository institutions, and from the United States, deposits of current funds in lawful money ... collection may receive from other Federal reserve banks deposits of current funds in lawful money, national ... company or other depository institution deposits of current funds in lawful money, national-bank notes ...
12 USC 411
Issuance to reserve banks; nature of obligation; redemption.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / SUBCHAPTER XII: FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES (May 18, 2026)
... dues. They shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States ...
12 USC 413
Distinctive letter and serial number of notes; cancellation of notes unfit for circulation; accounting; apportionment of credit among Federal Reserve banks.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / SUBCHAPTER XII: FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES (May 18, 2026)
... lawful money" after "reserves in gold certificates", substituting "25 per centum ...
12 USC 415
Reduction of liability for outstanding notes by depositing notes and collateral and payment of notes of series prior to 1928; reissue of deposited notes.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / SUBCHAPTER XII: FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES (May 18, 2026)
... its Federal Reserve notes, gold certificates, Special Drawing Right certificates, or lawful money of ... agent shall hold such gold certificates or lawful money available exclusively for exchange for the ...
12 USC 417
Custody and safe-keeping of notes issued to and collateral deposited with Reserve agent.
TITLE 12: BANKS AND BANKING / CHAPTER 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / SUBCHAPTER XII: FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES (May 18, 2026)
... , and lawful money. Nothing herein contained, however, shall be construed to prohibit a Federal Reserve ... , text read as follows: "All Federal reserve notes and all gold, gold certificates, and lawful money ... reserve notes, gold, gold certificates, and lawful money. Nothing herein contained, however, shall be ... All Federal Reserve notes and all gold certificates, Special Drawing Right certificates, and lawful ... money issued to or deposited with any Federal Reserve agent under the provisions of the Federal Reserve ...
18 USC 336
Issuance of circulating obligations of less than $1.
TITLE 18: CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE / PART I: CRIMES / CHAPTER 17: COINS AND CURRENCY (May 18, 2026)
... received or used in lieu of lawful money of the United States, shall be fined under this title or ...
30 USC 187
Assignment or subletting of leases; relinquishment of rights under leases; conditions in leases for protection of diverse interests in operation of mines, wells, etc.; State laws not impaired.
TITLE 30: MINERAL LANDS AND MINING / CHAPTER 3A: LEASES AND PROSPECTING PERMITS / SUBCHAPTER I: GENERAL PROVISIONS (May 18, 2026)
... ; provision requiring the payment of wages at least twice a month in lawful money of the United States, and ...
46 USC 30701
Definition.
TITLE 46: SHIPPING / Subtitle III: Maritime Liability / CHAPTER 307: LIABILITY OF WATER CARRIERS (May 18, 2026)
... transportation of goods in an amount exceeding $500 per package lawful money of the United States, or in case of ...
Congress "Lawful Money" congress.gov
Google: "lawful money" site:congress.gov
38th Congress (1863-1865): A Bill To prevent gold and silver coin ...www.congress.gov › bill › house-bill › text
... any note or bill issued by the United States, and made lawful money and a legal tender, from being received for a smaller sum than is therein specified.
[PDF] Untitled - Congress.govwww.congress.gov › llhb › H.R.577.pdf
5 has or shall declare to be lawful money and a legal tender;. 6 and no difference in rate or value shall be allowed between. 7 coin and legal tender money. 1.
Journal of the House of Representatives of the United Stateswww.congress.gov › house-journal
Mar 13, 2026 · ... lawful money of the United States, a sum equal to five per cent. of its circulation, to be held and used for the redemption of such ...
[PDF] HR 240. - Congress.govwww.congress.gov › llhb › H.R.240.pdf
17 lawful money, at the rate, if payable in coin, of not exceed-. 18 ing six per centum per annum, if in other lawful money, not. 19 exceeding seven and three ...
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[PDF] HR 935. - Congress.govwww.congress.gov › llhb › H.R.935.pdf
9 and declared lawful money of the United States by this act, or. 10 to give in exchange therefor the interest-bearing bonds of the. 11 United States ...
Journal of the Senate of the United States, 1873-1874 | Congress.govwww.congress.gov › senate-journal
... lawful money on demand: Congress.gov. Site Content. Legislation · Committee Reports · Committee Meetings · Committee Publications · Congressional Record ...
[PDF] HR 1848. - Congress.govwww.congress.gov › llhb › H.R.1848.pdf
6 act of Congress with the lawful money received in exchange for the bonds hereby authorized to be issued; and he is hereby. 7 prohibited from using or ...
Nineteenth Century Evolution of Necessary and Proper Clause ...constitution.congress.gov › essay › artI-S8-C18-4 › ALDE_00001239
... lawful money for all purposes.Footnote Id. at 448. As a corollary to its power over the currency, the Supreme Court later upheld Congress's power to ...
[PDF] HR 1352. - Congress.govwww.congress.gov › llhb › H.R.1352.pdf
11 only in such notes so long as the same are the lawful money. 12 of the United States, and all executions and other final pro- cess issued on any such ...
U.S. Code STAT
https://uscode.house.gov/ 12 USC 411: Issuance to reserve banks; nature of obligation; redemption Text contains those laws in effect on May 21, 2026 From Title 12-BANKS AND BANKING CHAPTER 3-FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM SUBCHAPTER XII-FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES §411. Issuance to reserve banks; nature of obligation; redemption Federal reserve notes, to be issued at the discretion of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for the purpose of making advances to Federal reserve banks through the Federal reserve agents as hereinafter set forth and for no other purpose, are authorized. The said notes shall be obligations of the United States and shall be receivable by all national and member banks and Federal reserve banks and for all taxes, customs, and other public dues. They shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank. Federal reserve notes - They shall be redeemed in lawful money: This means that Federal reserve notes are not "lawful money". Case clc-2026-991744 | Document 12 | Date Filed: 2026-04-18 PUBLISH clc-2026-991744 | Document 12 | Date Filed: 2026-04-18 https://mypatriotdocket.org/case/clc-2026-991744
V1779705718928229
Scott Andrew v. Hollis Continuation of Original Case Series clc-2026-443272 According to the Constitution, America is still on a Constitutional gold standard in 2026. Florida Governor Ron DeSantis does not even know this fact and leg.state.fl.us does not reflect this fact either. Learn more at Constitutionhelp.com Google AI Overview and Congress.gov says: The United States currently does not operate under such a system—todays dollar is a fiat currency, meaning that it is not backed by a commodity such as gold. Rather, the dollar is backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. US Code nature of obligation; redemption. Add M-654 to leg.state.fl.us
6:42 AM
The Federal U.S. Gold Stock | Congress.gov
www.congress.gov › crs-product
Sep 23, 2025 · Rather, the dollar is backed by the "full faith and credit" of the U.S. government. There have been many calls since the end of the gold ...
6:42 AM
https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF13109
6:43 AM
Write-in Votescotty 2028
Hollis clc-2026-991744 is a continuation of Case clc-2026-443272
U.S. Code STAT
https://uscode.house.gov/ 12 USC 411: Issuance to reserve banks; nature of obligation; redemption Text contains those laws in effect on May 21, 2026 From Title 12-BANKS AND BANKING CHAPTER 3-FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM SUBCHAPTER XII-FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES §411. Issuance to reserve banks; nature of obligation; redemption Federal reserve notes, to be issued at the discretion of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for the purpose of making advances to Federal reserve banks through the Federal reserve agents as hereinafter set forth and for no other purpose, are authorized. The said notes shall be obligations of the United States and shall be receivable by all national and member banks and Federal reserve banks and for all taxes, customs, and other public dues. They shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank. Federal reserve notes - They shall be redeemed in lawful money: This means that Federal reserve notes are not "lawful money". Case clc-2026-991744 | Document 12 | Date Filed: 2026-04-18 PUBLISH clc-2026-991744 | Document 12 | Date Filed: 2026-04-18
STAT
Thirty-Seven Congress 1862
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=12&page=467
STAT
Sixty-Third Congress 1913
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=38&page=265
STAT
Seventy-Third Congress 1934
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=48&page=337
STAT
Seventy-Third Congress 1934
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=48&page=1225
STAT
Seventy-Fourth Congress 1935
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=49&page=704
STAT
Public Law 90-269
"Eliminate the reserve requirements"
90th Congress 1968
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=82&page=50
Link to Docket
https://mypatriotdocket.org/case/clc-2026-991744
Link to Constitution Help Center
https://constitution.tawk.help/article/clc-2026-443272
6:44 AM
Written in 1787, ratified in 1788, and in operation since 1789 as amended with the Bill of Rights in 1791 and violated by Bank Bill of 1791
6:44 AM
Scott Andrew v. Hollis Continuation of Original Case Series clc-2026-443272 According to the Constitution, America is still on a Constitutional gold standard in 2026. Florida Governor Ron DeSantis does not even know this fact and leg.state.fl.us does not reflect this fact either. Learn more at Constitutionhelp.com Google AI Overview and Congress.gov says: The United States currently does not operate under such a system—todays dollar is a fiat currency, meaning that it is not backed by a commodity such as gold. Rather, the dollar is backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. US Code nature of obligation; redemption. Add M-654 to leg.state.fl.us
6:42 AM
The Federal U.S. Gold Stock | Congress.gov
www.congress.gov › crs-product
Sep 23, 2025 · Rather, the dollar is backed by the "full faith and credit" of the U.S. government. There have been many calls since the end of the gold ...
6:42 AM
https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF13109
6:43 AM
Write-in Votescotty 2028
Hollis clc-2026-991744 is a continuation of Case clc-2026-443272
U.S. Code STAT
https://uscode.house.gov/ 12 USC 411: Issuance to reserve banks; nature of obligation; redemption Text contains those laws in effect on May 21, 2026 From Title 12-BANKS AND BANKING CHAPTER 3-FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM SUBCHAPTER XII-FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES §411. Issuance to reserve banks; nature of obligation; redemption Federal reserve notes, to be issued at the discretion of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for the purpose of making advances to Federal reserve banks through the Federal reserve agents as hereinafter set forth and for no other purpose, are authorized. The said notes shall be obligations of the United States and shall be receivable by all national and member banks and Federal reserve banks and for all taxes, customs, and other public dues. They shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank. Federal reserve notes - They shall be redeemed in lawful money: This means that Federal reserve notes are not "lawful money". Case clc-2026-991744 | Document 12 | Date Filed: 2026-04-18 PUBLISH clc-2026-991744 | Document 12 | Date Filed: 2026-04-18
STAT
Thirty-Seven Congress 1862
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=12&page=467
STAT
Sixty-Third Congress 1913
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=38&page=265
STAT
Seventy-Third Congress 1934
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=48&page=337
STAT
Seventy-Third Congress 1934
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=48&page=1225
STAT
Seventy-Fourth Congress 1935
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=49&page=704
STAT
Public Law 90-269
"Eliminate the reserve requirements"
90th Congress 1968
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=82&page=50
Link to Docket
https://mypatriotdocket.org/case/clc-2026-991744
Link to Constitution Help Center
https://constitution.tawk.help/article/clc-2026-443272
6:44 AM
Written in 1787, ratified in 1788, and in operation since 1789 as amended with the Bill of Rights in 1791 and violated by Bank Bill of 1791
6:44 AM
Florida Convoy
What are the details Federal Reserve Notes are not "lawful money" 12 USC 411 says Federal Reserve Notes need to be redeemed for "lawful money"
Google AI Overview
Federal Reserve Notes are indeed defined as "legal tender" for all debts, public and private.
While 12 USC 411 states that these notes must be "redeemed in lawful money," federal courts and the IRS have repeatedly clarified that this phrase does not mean notes are invalid or can be used to bypass legal or tax obligations.
The details regarding the "lawful money" versus "legal tender" distinction include:
What is Lawful Money?
Historically, "lawful money" referred to physical currency backed by a tangible standard, such as gold or silver coins. As stated in the Constitution.
It is currency issued directly by the U.S. Mint for the U.S. Treasury, whereas Federal Reserve Notes are fiat money issued by the central banking system.
The Legal Tender Statute: Under 31 U.S. Code § 5103, Congress designated United States coins and currency (including Federal Reserve Notes) as legal tender.
This means a creditor must accept them to satisfy a debt.
Judicial Precedent: Courts have consistently ruled that Federal Reserve Notes are valid lawful money in the context of legal tender.
In landmark cases such as Milam v. U.S. (9th Cir. 1974), the courts held that demanding to redeem Federal Reserve Notes for gold/silver (or claiming they are not lawful money) is a legally invalid argument.
Tax Implications and "Redemption":
Some historical tax-evasion arguments (often referred to as Sovereign Citizen theories) claim that since Federal Reserve notes are not gold/silver, they cannot be taxed as income.
The IRS and courts have thoroughly rejected this claim, maintaining that all compensation—regardless of the form of currency—is taxable income.
Attempting to "redeem" wages in lawful money to avoid tax reporting is not legally recognized.
Which brings us back to the original argument: The Constitution is still in full effect. Every state in this union is guaranteed a Republican form of government which means, Federal Reserve Notes are not "lawful money" 12 USC 411 says Federal Reserve Notes need to be redeemed for "lawful money"which means Federal Reserve Notes are not "lawful money".
Failure of Oversight: Congress is tasked with limiting executive overreach and upholding the Constitution.
Failure to act signifies that the legislative branch is not fulfilling its mandate.
Systemic Inaction: This highlights that "congressional inaction" can be used to describe moments where the body fails to use its power of contempt or subpoena to combat violations of the Constitution.
Partisan or Structural Obstruction: The inaction often stems from structural issues, where it is hard for 535 members to speak with one voice, or where political, partisan reasons lead members to look the other way.
Call for Action: Such inaction often leads to public outcry, with calls for citizens to hold representatives accountable, often suggesting that if Congress won't act, the people must.
Essentially, it signifies a scenario where the legislative branch is paralyzed or unwilling to challenge actions deemed unconstitutional, placing the burden of protecting democracy on voters and the courts.
What are the details Federal Reserve Notes are not "lawful money" 12 USC 411 says Federal Reserve Notes need to be redeemed for "lawful money"
Google AI Overview
Federal Reserve Notes are indeed defined as "legal tender" for all debts, public and private.
While 12 USC 411 states that these notes must be "redeemed in lawful money," federal courts and the IRS have repeatedly clarified that this phrase does not mean notes are invalid or can be used to bypass legal or tax obligations.
The details regarding the "lawful money" versus "legal tender" distinction include:
What is Lawful Money?
Historically, "lawful money" referred to physical currency backed by a tangible standard, such as gold or silver coins. As stated in the Constitution.
It is currency issued directly by the U.S. Mint for the U.S. Treasury, whereas Federal Reserve Notes are fiat money issued by the central banking system.
The Legal Tender Statute: Under 31 U.S. Code § 5103, Congress designated United States coins and currency (including Federal Reserve Notes) as legal tender.
This means a creditor must accept them to satisfy a debt.
Judicial Precedent: Courts have consistently ruled that Federal Reserve Notes are valid lawful money in the context of legal tender.
In landmark cases such as Milam v. U.S. (9th Cir. 1974), the courts held that demanding to redeem Federal Reserve Notes for gold/silver (or claiming they are not lawful money) is a legally invalid argument.
Tax Implications and "Redemption":
Some historical tax-evasion arguments (often referred to as Sovereign Citizen theories) claim that since Federal Reserve notes are not gold/silver, they cannot be taxed as income.
The IRS and courts have thoroughly rejected this claim, maintaining that all compensation—regardless of the form of currency—is taxable income.
Attempting to "redeem" wages in lawful money to avoid tax reporting is not legally recognized.
Which brings us back to the original argument: The Constitution is still in full effect. Every state in this union is guaranteed a Republican form of government which means, Federal Reserve Notes are not "lawful money" 12 USC 411 says Federal Reserve Notes need to be redeemed for "lawful money"which means Federal Reserve Notes are not "lawful money".
Failure of Oversight: Congress is tasked with limiting executive overreach and upholding the Constitution.
Failure to act signifies that the legislative branch is not fulfilling its mandate.
Systemic Inaction: This highlights that "congressional inaction" can be used to describe moments where the body fails to use its power of contempt or subpoena to combat violations of the Constitution.
Partisan or Structural Obstruction: The inaction often stems from structural issues, where it is hard for 535 members to speak with one voice, or where political, partisan reasons lead members to look the other way.
Call for Action: Such inaction often leads to public outcry, with calls for citizens to hold representatives accountable, often suggesting that if Congress won't act, the people must.
Essentially, it signifies a scenario where the legislative branch is paralyzed or unwilling to challenge actions deemed unconstitutional, placing the burden of protecting democracy on voters and the courts.
Florida Convoy
Hollis clc-2026-991744 is a continuation of Case clc-2026-443272
U.S. Code STAT
https://uscode.house.gov/ 12 USC 411: Issuance to reserve banks; nature of obligation; redemption Text contains those laws in effect on May 21, 2026 From Title 12-BANKS AND BANKING CHAPTER 3-FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM SUBCHAPTER XII-FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES §411. Issuance to reserve banks; nature of obligation; redemption Federal reserve notes, to be issued at the discretion of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for the purpose of making advances to Federal reserve banks through the Federal reserve agents as hereinafter set forth and for no other purpose, are authorized. The said notes shall be obligations of the United States and shall be receivable by all national and member banks and Federal reserve banks and for all taxes, customs, and other public dues. They shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank. Federal reserve notes - They shall be redeemed in lawful money: This means that Federal reserve notes are not "lawful money". Case clc-2026-991744 | Document 12 | Date Filed: 2026-04-18 PUBLISH clc-2026-991744 | Document 12 | Date Filed: 2026-04-18
STAT
Thirty-Seven Congress 1862
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=12&page=467
STAT
Sixty-Third Congress 1913
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=38&page=265
STAT
Seventy-Third Congress 1934
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=48&page=337
STAT
Seventy-Third Congress 1934
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=48&page=1225
STAT
Seventy-Fourth Congress 1935
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=49&page=704
STAT
Public Law 90-269
"Eliminate the reserve requirements"
90th Congress 1968
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=82&page=50
Link to Constitution Help Center
https://constitution.tawk.help/article/clc-2026-443272
Hollis clc-2026-991744 is a continuation of Case clc-2026-443272
U.S. Code STAT
https://uscode.house.gov/ 12 USC 411: Issuance to reserve banks; nature of obligation; redemption Text contains those laws in effect on May 21, 2026 From Title 12-BANKS AND BANKING CHAPTER 3-FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM SUBCHAPTER XII-FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES §411. Issuance to reserve banks; nature of obligation; redemption Federal reserve notes, to be issued at the discretion of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for the purpose of making advances to Federal reserve banks through the Federal reserve agents as hereinafter set forth and for no other purpose, are authorized. The said notes shall be obligations of the United States and shall be receivable by all national and member banks and Federal reserve banks and for all taxes, customs, and other public dues. They shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank. Federal reserve notes - They shall be redeemed in lawful money: This means that Federal reserve notes are not "lawful money". Case clc-2026-991744 | Document 12 | Date Filed: 2026-04-18 PUBLISH clc-2026-991744 | Document 12 | Date Filed: 2026-04-18
STAT
Thirty-Seven Congress 1862
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=12&page=467
STAT
Sixty-Third Congress 1913
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=38&page=265
STAT
Seventy-Third Congress 1934
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=48&page=337
STAT
Seventy-Third Congress 1934
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=48&page=1225
STAT
Seventy-Fourth Congress 1935
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=49&page=704
STAT
Public Law 90-269
"Eliminate the reserve requirements"
90th Congress 1968
uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=82&page=50
Link to Docket
https://mypatriotdocket.org/case/clc-2026-991744Link to Constitution Help Center
https://constitution.tawk.help/article/clc-2026-443272
Florida Convoy
The American people are throwing off their despot government The Cuban people are throwing off their despot government The Venezuelan people are throwing off their despot government The Iranian people are throwing off their despot government the people are the rightful government
Why is this all happening at the same time?
Google AI Overview
A despot government is a form of autocratic rule where a single entity—an individual or small group—called Congress wields absolute power. Or tries to anyway.
Governed entirely by the ruler's personal will, this system lacks checks and balances, legal limitations, or protections for the rights and freedoms of the general populace.
A despotic regime is characterized by the following core elements:
Unlimited Authority: The ruler's decisions function as law, and the government can act without regard for constitutions, elections, or judicial independence.
Suppression of Dissent: Freedom of speech, press, and assembly are typically non-existent.
Any political opposition, protests, or criticism are quickly and often violently suppressed.
Concentration of Power: All state institutions—such as the military, police, and economy—are centralized under the despot, consolidating control over every aspect of public and private life.
Lack of Accountability: Because the leader is not beholden to the people or any governing charters, they rule in their own self-interest rather than the public good.
While the term can historically refer to benevolent absolute monarchs in 18th-century Europe, modern use of the word typically describes tyrannical or dictatorial regimes.
The concept that "the people are the rightful government" is a cornerstone of democratic theory, asserting that sovereignty resides with the citizenry rather than the state apparatus rulemaking.
For more information on the evolving geopolitical situations, international relations, and public perspectives around the globe, you can explore the following platforms:
Wikipedia:
Category: Conflicts in 2026: Provides a factual overview of ongoing geopolitical actions, military operations, and conflicts.
Reuters: Offers breaking international news, including diplomatic updates and political maneuvers in Washington, Havana, and Tehran.
The Conversation: Features expert essays and commentary on political theory, democratic governance, and historical shifts in global power.
The American people are throwing off their despot government The Cuban people are throwing off their despot government The Venezuelan people are throwing off their despot government The Iranian people are throwing off their despot government the people are the rightful government
Why is this all happening at the same time?
Google AI Overview
A despot government is a form of autocratic rule where a single entity—an individual or small group—called Congress wields absolute power. Or tries to anyway.
Governed entirely by the ruler's personal will, this system lacks checks and balances, legal limitations, or protections for the rights and freedoms of the general populace.
A despotic regime is characterized by the following core elements:
Unlimited Authority: The ruler's decisions function as law, and the government can act without regard for constitutions, elections, or judicial independence.
Suppression of Dissent: Freedom of speech, press, and assembly are typically non-existent.
Any political opposition, protests, or criticism are quickly and often violently suppressed.
Concentration of Power: All state institutions—such as the military, police, and economy—are centralized under the despot, consolidating control over every aspect of public and private life.
Lack of Accountability: Because the leader is not beholden to the people or any governing charters, they rule in their own self-interest rather than the public good.
While the term can historically refer to benevolent absolute monarchs in 18th-century Europe, modern use of the word typically describes tyrannical or dictatorial regimes.
The concept that "the people are the rightful government" is a cornerstone of democratic theory, asserting that sovereignty resides with the citizenry rather than the state apparatus rulemaking.
For more information on the evolving geopolitical situations, international relations, and public perspectives around the globe, you can explore the following platforms:
Wikipedia:
Category: Conflicts in 2026: Provides a factual overview of ongoing geopolitical actions, military operations, and conflicts.
Reuters: Offers breaking international news, including diplomatic updates and political maneuvers in Washington, Havana, and Tehran.
The Conversation: Features expert essays and commentary on political theory, democratic governance, and historical shifts in global power.
V1779707985826605
Lawful Money CRS Product
7:29 AM
Google: crs product IF13109
7:29 AM
The Federal U.S. Gold Stock | Congress.gov
www.congress.gov › crs-product › IF13109
Sep 23, 2025 · The Federal U.S. Gold Stock. CRS PRODUCT (LIBRARY OF CONGRESS). Hide Overview. CRS Product Type: In Focus. CRS Product Number: IF13109.
Selected Products of the Congressional Research Service - FRASER
fraser.stlouisfed.org › title › selected-products-congressional-research-servi...
The CRS products collection includes CRS reports and other research products ... The Federal U.S. Gold Stock, Number IF13109. Select a resource to view. In ...
7:29 AM
The Federal U.S. Gold Stock, Number IF13109
Today, gold transactions and other uses are almost entirely a private market function. However, historically, gold was bought and sold by the U.S. government (and many other governments) for a variety of purposes. While largely unused, the federal government still owns gold, known as the gold stock. The existence of the gold stock and its historical uses have inspired many policy proposals about potential uses today. This In Focus details the history of the gold stock and its uses, and highlights some common policy proposals.
AUTHOR(S): Weinstock, Lida R.; Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
DATE: September 23, 2025
PART OF: Selected Products of the Congressional Research Service
fraser.stlouisfed.org/.../federal-us-gold-stock-705071
7:31 AM
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/selected-products-congressional-research-service-9610
7:31 AM
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/selected-products-congressional-research-service-9610/federal-us-gold-stock-705071
7:31 AM
CSR https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/selected-products-congressional-research-service-9610/federal-us-gold-stock-705071
7:32 AM
Title: The Federal U.S. Gold Stock, Number IF13109
Authors: Weinstock, Lida R., Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Date: September 23, 2025
7:32 AM
The Federal U.S. Gold Stock, Number IF13109
DATE: September 23, 2025
PART OF:
Selected Products of the Congressional Research Service
AUTHORS:
Weinstock, Lida R.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
CONTRIBUTING AUTHOR
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
PUBLISHER: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress
ABSTRACT:
Today, gold transactions and other uses are almost entirely a private market function. However, historically, gold was bought and sold by the U.S. government (and many other governments) for a variety of purposes. While largely unused, the federal government still owns gold, known as the gold stock. The existence of the gold stock and its historical uses have inspired many policy proposals about potential uses today. This In Focus details the history of the gold stock and its uses, and highlights some common policy proposals.
7:33 AM
Blocked by congress.gov https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF13109
7:35 AM
The Reserve Barbell - Shanaka Anslem Perera
shanakaanslemperera.substack.com › the-reserve-barbell
Apr 20, 2026 · The same precision appears in CRS report IF13109, authored by Lida Weinstock and published 23 September 2025. At the statutory price of ...
[PDF] October 19 - 22, 2025 Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado
www.ipmi.org › content-files › newsletter › IPMI-Newsletter-09-2025
Oct 21, 2025 · The bill can also be found cited in the (CRS) Report: The Federal U.S. Gold Stock (IF13109). Cosponsors: Rep. Warren Davidson (R-OH), Rep ...
7:35 AM
Lawful Money CRS Product
7:29 AM
Google: crs product IF13109
7:29 AM
The Federal U.S. Gold Stock | Congress.gov
www.congress.gov › crs-product › IF13109
Sep 23, 2025 · The Federal U.S. Gold Stock. CRS PRODUCT (LIBRARY OF CONGRESS). Hide Overview. CRS Product Type: In Focus. CRS Product Number: IF13109.
Selected Products of the Congressional Research Service - FRASER
fraser.stlouisfed.org › title › selected-products-congressional-research-servi...
The CRS products collection includes CRS reports and other research products ... The Federal U.S. Gold Stock, Number IF13109. Select a resource to view. In ...
7:29 AM
The Federal U.S. Gold Stock, Number IF13109
Today, gold transactions and other uses are almost entirely a private market function. However, historically, gold was bought and sold by the U.S. government (and many other governments) for a variety of purposes. While largely unused, the federal government still owns gold, known as the gold stock. The existence of the gold stock and its historical uses have inspired many policy proposals about potential uses today. This In Focus details the history of the gold stock and its uses, and highlights some common policy proposals.
AUTHOR(S): Weinstock, Lida R.; Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
DATE: September 23, 2025
PART OF: Selected Products of the Congressional Research Service
fraser.stlouisfed.org/.../federal-us-gold-stock-705071
7:31 AM
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/selected-products-congressional-research-service-9610
7:31 AM
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/selected-products-congressional-research-service-9610/federal-us-gold-stock-705071
7:31 AM
CSR https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/selected-products-congressional-research-service-9610/federal-us-gold-stock-705071
7:32 AM
Title: The Federal U.S. Gold Stock, Number IF13109
Authors: Weinstock, Lida R., Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Date: September 23, 2025
7:32 AM
The Federal U.S. Gold Stock, Number IF13109
DATE: September 23, 2025
PART OF:
Selected Products of the Congressional Research Service
AUTHORS:
Weinstock, Lida R.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
CONTRIBUTING AUTHOR
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
PUBLISHER: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress
ABSTRACT:
Today, gold transactions and other uses are almost entirely a private market function. However, historically, gold was bought and sold by the U.S. government (and many other governments) for a variety of purposes. While largely unused, the federal government still owns gold, known as the gold stock. The existence of the gold stock and its historical uses have inspired many policy proposals about potential uses today. This In Focus details the history of the gold stock and its uses, and highlights some common policy proposals.
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Blocked by congress.gov https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF13109
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The Reserve Barbell - Shanaka Anslem Perera
shanakaanslemperera.substack.com › the-reserve-barbell
Apr 20, 2026 · The same precision appears in CRS report IF13109, authored by Lida Weinstock and published 23 September 2025. At the statutory price of ...
[PDF] October 19 - 22, 2025 Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado
www.ipmi.org › content-files › newsletter › IPMI-Newsletter-09-2025
Oct 21, 2025 · The bill can also be found cited in the (CRS) Report: The Federal U.S. Gold Stock (IF13109). Cosponsors: Rep. Warren Davidson (R-OH), Rep ...
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